Despite the growing tendency for variety in doctoral careers, we are not very good at tracking them. There are good reasons to suspect that surveys exaggerate the numbers remaining in the research system, because many spend up to a decade in temporary posts before settling into a more secure career. Indeed, as single-lifetime careers become rarer we need to adapt our training to prepare for portfolio careers.

Universities also need to ensure that their training provides awareness of the broader aspects of research, such as ethics, public engagement and transferable skills. Many will find employment in business and the public sector, ensuring that society benefits from the transfer of research knowledge. Increasingly entrepreneurship is becoming an option for those who wish to found their own start-up businesses. All of these pathways have implications for training, but we should not forget that their employability is founded in the intrinsic capabilities endowed by the doctorate such as the capacity for critical and original thought and an openness to evidence-based solutions.

Doctoral education is at the forefront of Europe’s digital transformation in research, not only in mobilising, training and raising awareness among researchers, but also in promoting open science policies and practices that will revolutionise Europe’s scientific potential. Open science is strongly supported by most doctoral researchers, but they are also the most vulnerable to the coming transition, facing hurdles based on journal hierarchies when seeking employment.

Embedding ethics and integrity in research begins with doctoral education. There is an increasing focus in Europe and beyond on the public trust in science. Doctoral candidates need to be trained to deal with these issues in order to preserve and develop a moral compass that is vital for strong research integrity in the digital age. The many demands made upon doctoral candidates have also contributed to a growing concern about their welfare and mental health. Work-life balance, isolation and career insecurity are contributory factors and it is a challenge to universities and individual supervisors to find ways to mitigate these factors.

Doctoral schools are the places where higher education, research and innovation and society meet. They contribute to training researchers capable of engaging with society and help them to develop innovative solutions to Europe’s industry and other economic sectors. Doctoral candidates make a critical contribution to research but they are individuals not instruments and we have a responsibility towards them.

No one can address these issues alone, but Europe’s universities can work together and policymakers need to support them. At a time when European values are under pressure – and digitalisation is transforming the way we work and live – doctoral education matters more than ever in safeguarding a progressive, inclusive society and making sure Europe is ready for a changing world.

University leaders and policymakers will discuss the future of doctoral education and more at the Council for Doctoral Education’s Annual Meeting on “Excellence through Diversity: Doctoral education in a globalised world” on 7-8 June in Ljubljana, Slovenia.

Author Bio: Luke Georghiou is deputy president and deputy vice-chancellor of the University of Manchester, chair of the European University Association’s Council for Doctoral Education and member of the EU Research Commissioner’s High-Level “Research, Innovation, and Science Policy Experts” group.